The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive maneuvering and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula. It was the largest naval battle in that war and the only full-scale clash of battleships. Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships, following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea (1904) and Tsushima (1905) during the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle fought primarily by battleships in world history.
Short video.
A full account of the Battle of Jutland narrated by Admiral Jellicoe’s grandson as part of the Jutland Centenary Commemorations. The 24 minute animation gives the viewer an overview of the major “chapters” of the battle – the opening battle cruiser action, the Grand Fleet deployment, the Turn Away and the Night Destroyer actions. Additionally the 1917 submarine campaign is explained as a consequence of Scheer’s decision not to risk another Fleet-to-Fleet encounter. Graphics, animation, animated maps and contemporary photography illustrate key points.
Death toll The total loss of life was 9,823 men, of which the British losses were 6,784 and German losses were 3,039. Counted among the British losses are 2 members of the Royal Australian Navy, and 1 member of the Royal Canadian Navy. 6 Australian nationals serving in the Royal Navy were also killed.
A "wet" takeoff of a KC-135 with Pratt & Whitney J57 engines.
From PWA OI 200, "The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and its Operation" published by Pratt & Whitney:
The sensitivity of gas turbine engines to compressor inlet temperature results in appreciable loss of the thrust (or power, in the case of a turboprop) which is available for takeoff on a hot day. It is frequently necessary, therefore, to provide some means of thrust augmentation for nonafterburning engines during takeoff on warm or hot days. This is also the case on at least one afterburning engine. Ten to thirty percent additional thrust (power) can be gained by injecting water into the engine, either at the compressor air inlet or at some other point, such as the diffuser case. In a piston engine, during power augmentation by means of water injection, the water acts primarily as a detonation suppressor and a cylinder charge coolant. Induction air cooling is secondary. Higher takeoff horsepower results chiefly because when water is added, the engine can operate at the fuel/air ratio that will produce "best power." Sometimes a higher manifold pressure may be obtained than would otherwise be possible without experiencing detonation. Jet engines, however, have no detonation difficulties. When water is added, thrust or power augmentation is obtained principally by cooling the air entering the engine, by means of vaporization of the water introduced into the airstream. Cooling the air has the effect of reducing the compressor inlet temperature. The reduction in temperature increases the air density and the mass airflow. More and cooler air to the burners permit more fuel to be burned before limiting turbine inlet temperatures are reached, which, in turn, means more thrust.
Although methyl or ethyl alcohol (or a mixture of one or both of these and water) has been used in the past for injection to augment jet engine thrust, water has a higher heat of evaporation, and is therefore the only liquid generally used for thrust augmentation today. The effect upon engine thrust depends upon the rate of water flow into the engine.
Water injection is usually accomplished by spraying water into the engine at the compressor air inlet or directly into the diffuser section, in the case of axial flow compressor engines. Occasionally, a combination of both methods is used. When the injection system permits a pilot to select manually either a combination of both compressor and diffuser injected water or diffuser water alone, the latter may be used at lower ambient temperatures than is permissible when water is introduced into the compressor, because the problem of possible ice formation at the front end of the engine is eliminated. In addition to this, diffuser case injection, although less efficient, also has the advantage of requiring less change in the basic engine design when a water injection feature is added, and avoids the problem of deposits forming on the compressor blades.
Douglas DC-8-11 N8008D takes of from Long Beach Airport, 10:10 a.m., 30 May 1958 with Arnold G. Heimerdinger commanding, co-pilot William M. Magruder and systems engineer Paul H. Patten. The heavy dark exhaust smoke is a result of water injection. (Los Angeles Public Library)
The aircraft climbed to 11,000 feet and conducted a series of maneuvers and systems checks. It was then flown over to Edwards Air Force Base where all the flight tests were carried out. The first flight was 2 hours, 10 minutes.
"YOUR COLT OUGHT to be a champion. He's got the breeding", smiled my horseman friend, as we stood at Long Beach together remarking on the lines of the number one DC-8.
He had put his finger on the character of the giant jet transport-more than a quarter of a century of great ancestors behind it-the family of DCs that had done more to open up the world than any vehicle in history; the DC-3 that authored the era of piston transports, the DC-4 that first tied together "one world"; the pressurized DC-6s that lifted commerce above the weather; the DC-7s that first introduced true transoceanic range; and now this swept-wing miracle to mark another epoch of the air age. What a happy heritage it had.
A man has a right to be proud of a part in such a progression, I had thought to myself after my friend's remark. But think of the responsibility too. Millions and millions of people will be riding this plane all over the face of the earth for the next two decades. It will be modified and given new ratios of power from time to time, just as were its predecessors. That it be inherently "right" is partly my responsibility. It's a thought to make a man sober. So when the first DC-8 lifted off the runway at Long Beach, Calif., last May 30 on its maiden flight, I knew I was carrying the basket with the golden eggs- and with $250,000,000 invested in the program to follow. It was by far the greatest thrill of my life!" More here.
Contrary to popular belief today is not another excuse to go shopping or throw a frisbee in the park while chomping down on a hot dog.Today is about somber reflection on those who gave their lives for you and their country, whether you agree with those conflicts or not.
Shawn Steward, the owner of Aloha Spirit Sportfishing, caught a large 90-pound opah of the coast of Southern California last week. It is very rare to catch this deep-water fish by a recreational angler.
Of course they didn't say it in such a crude manner. “Attention in the water, this is the Orange County Sheriff’s Department. Be advised, State Parks is asking us to make an announcement to let you know that you are paddleboarding next to approximately 15 great white sharks. They are advising that you exit the water in a…uh…calm manner. The sharks are as close as the surf line. Thank you for your cooperation.”
Memorial Day.
Contrary to popular belief today is not another excuse to go shopping or throw a frisbee in the park while chomping down on a hot dog. Today is about somber reflection on those who gave their lives for you and their country, whether you agree with those conflicts or not.
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